Decentralised construction of a global coordinate system in a large swarm of minimalistic robots

• Pluhacek, M.
• Garnier, S.
• Reina, A. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4745-992X

Collective intelligence and autonomy of robot swarms can be improved by enabling individual robots to become aware that they are the constituent parts of a larger whole and to identify their role within the swarm. In this study, we present an algorithm to enable positional self-awareness in a swarm of minimalistic, error-prone, stationary robots which can only locally broadcast messages and estimate the distance from their neighbours. Despite being unable to measure the bearing of incoming messages, the robots running our algorithm can calculate their position within a swarm deployed in a regular formation. We show through experiments with up to 200 Kilobot robots that such positional self-awareness can be employed by the robots to create a shared coordinate system and dynamically self-assign location-dependent tasks. Our solution has fewer requirements than state-of-the-art algorithms and includes collective noise-filtering mechanisms. Therefore, it has an extended range of robotic platforms on which it can run. All robots are interchangeable, run the same code, and do not need any prior knowledge. Through our algorithm, robots reach collective synchronisation and autonomously become aware of the swarm’s spatial configuration and their position within it.

• Submitted: 29 July 2024
• Accepted: 23 June 2025
• Published (online): 18 July 2025
• Published: December 2025

• Software or Code
• Software or Code