Determinants of L-band backscatter in dry tropical ecosystems: implications for biomass mapping

Accurate characterization of the role of the dry tropics in the global carbon cycle requires precise estimation of woody biomass changes due to ecological and anthropogenic change, including deforestation, forest degradation, regrowth, mortality and enhanced tree growth due to climate change. L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) backscatter observations offer a reliable option to consistently map these processes as they are (i) available globally since 2007 (JAXA ALOS-1, ALOS-2 and ALOS-4), and (ii) sensitive to woody structure, such as aboveground biomass density (AGBD) up to ~100 t ha 1 . However, we lack multi-site empirical understanding of the scattering processes that determine the relationship between L-band SAR and woody vegetation structure in the dry tropics, and how this is mediated by soil properties. This study used observations from ground plots in Africa (n = 171), Australia (n = 6), and South America (n = 44) to understand the impact of vegetation structure and soil properties on spatially and temporally coincident fully-polarimetric L-band SAR data. Fully-polarimetric L-band SAR single-look complex data were converted to scattering mechanisms/parameters using van Zyl, Cloude-Pottier, and Freeman-Durden polarimetric decompositions to elucidate the physical mechanisms involved. Multivariate SAR-vegetation-soil relationships were analysed using a theory-informed structural equation modelling approach. The strongest positive effects on volume scattering come from stem density (stems ha 1 ) and mean stem biomass of trees, and soil water and sand content (standardized regression coefficients of 0.3, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.1, respectively). The only significant effect on surface scattering is from stem density (0.1). Significant effects on double bounce scattering are from stem density (0.3) and soil sand content ( 0.2). Since AGBD is the product of stem density and mean stem biomass, this modelling framework points to a stronger effect from the number of trees rather than their size/biomass. Therefore, AGBD maps relying solely on radar intensity may not reflect significant changes when AGBD is increasing due to the growth of existing stems. Additionally, such maps might overestimate changes in AGBD when driven by the recruitment of new stems or loss of existing stems. Full-polarimetric observations allow the decomposition of the radar signal into volume scattering, surface scattering, and double bounce, enabling the inversion of structural equation models to retrieve both stem density and mean stem biomass. This provides a more comprehensive description of forest structure compared to retrieving only AGBD. As this approach depends on full-polarimetric data, its effectiveness is closely tied to the availability of such observations. Our findings underscore the value of recent and upcoming missions such as ALOS-4 PALSAR-3, BIOMASS and ROSE-L, and highlight the need to prioritise the acquisition of quad-pol SAR data to support future large-scale retrieval of vegetation structure attributes.