The estimation of evapotranspiration rates from urban green infrastructure using the three-temperatures method

The three-temperatures (3T) method is a robust approach to estimating evapotranspiration (ET), requiring relatively few measurable, physical parameters and an imitation surface, making it potentially suited for estimating ET from sustainable drainage systems (SuDS) and green infrastructure (GI) in urban environments. However, limited 3T-ET data from SuDS and/or GI makes it difficult to assess the conditions that affect its accuracy. The purpose of this study was to determine whether reasonable ET estimates could be achieved using the 3T method with a plastic imitation surface for a small, homogenous vegetated surface. The 3T-ET estimates were produced at an hourly timestep and compared to reference ET (ETo) derived using the Penman–Monteith equation. The 3T-ET estimates were consistently higher than ETo (mean absolute error of 0.05 to 0.15 mm·h −1 ), which may indicate systematic overestimation of ET or that the actual ET was greater than ETo. Unrealistic 3T-ET estimates are produced when the air temperature and the imitation surface temperature converge, limiting the method’s application to between mid-morning and late afternoon. Further work to validate and refine the 3T method is required before it can be recommended for deployment in the field for spot-sampling ET rates from urban SuDS/GI.