Progressive borealism and the diversity deficit in Iceland’s constitutional reform process

Efforts to rewrite Iceland’s constitution have attracted significant attention, being heralded as the world’s first ‘crowdsourced constitution’ and a pioneering example of deliberative democracy. Such claims fit into a wider pattern of what this paper terms progressive borealism: exoticising Iceland as a progressive utopia at once both part of and removed from Europe, predicated on the systematic exclusion of marginalised groups. The aims of this paper are twofold. Firstly, it describes the phenomenon of progressive borealism, which relies on the reimagination of colonial-era depictions of Iceland’s liminality, purity and wildness. Essential to this notion is the importance ascribed to whiteness and racialisation of ethnic minorities. Secondly, it considers how progressive borealism has impacted Iceland’s constitutional reform process. Data is taken from a deliberative poll which formed the basis of recommendations to the Icelandic Parliament. The data demonstrate a diversity deficit, meaning that the most marginalised residents are unable to participate in debates over Iceland’s future, challenging the claim that social diversity is irrelevant in democratic processes such as deliberative polling. The analytical framework draws insights from theories of intersectionality and superdiversity to reveal that the lack of inclusivity is a product of structural forces generating and perpetuating systematic exclusion of marginalised communities. The paper closes by considering the prospects for meaningful constitutional change in this context.