Tracing magnetic signatures through the solar atmosphere in seven eruptive active regions

This case study focuses on the pre-eruptive conditions of active regions that produced either low-energy flares accompanied by major CMEs (AR 12371 and AR 11692) or major X-class flares also associated with significant CMEs (AR 12673, AR 12158, AR 11520, AR 11429, and AR 13664). The study examines the evolution of 10 morphological parameters that serve as indicators of pre-eruptive conditions—not only at the photosphere but also in higher layers of the solar atmosphere. We found that active regions with a greater number of parameters exceeding their threshold values at higher altitudes tend to exhibit a higher eruptive potential. Specifically, in active regions associated with X-class flares and fast CMEs, at least 8 out of 10 parameters exceeded their thresholds at elevated layers, whereas in the 2 active regions linked to M-class flares and fast CMEs, fewer than 7 parameters did so. These results suggest that assessing the height-dependent behavior of pre-eruptive proxy parameters could significantly improve the identification and prediction of eruptive active regions. Future studies should extend this approach to a larger data set to better determine the maximum atmospheric height at which the predictive thresholds of different parameters are met, thereby enhancing the accuracy of solar eruption prediction.