Discrete-Choice Multi-agent Optimization: Decentralized Hard Constraint Satisfaction for Smart Cities

Making Smart Cities more sustainable, resilient and democratic is emerging as an endeavor of satisfying hard constraints, for instance meeting net-zero targets. Decentralized multi-agent methods for socio-technical optimization of large-scale complex infrastructures such as energy and transport networks are scalable and more privacy-preserving by design. However, they mainly focus on satisfying soft constraints to remain cost-effective. This paper introduces a new model for decentralized hard constraint satisfaction in discrete-choice combinatorial optimization problems. The model solves the cold start problem of partial information for coordination during initialization that can violate hard constraints. It also preserves a low-cost satisfaction of hard constraints in subsequent coordinated choices during which soft constraints optimization is performed. Strikingly, experimental results in real-world Smart City application scenarios demonstrate the required behavioral shift to preserve optimality when hard constraints are satisfied. These findings are significant for policymakers, system operators, designers and architects to create the missing social capital of running cities in more viable trajectories.