Applying the method of normal forms to second-order nonlinear vibration problems

Vibration problems are naturally formulated with second-order equations of motion. When the vibration problem is nonlinear in nature, using normal form analysis currently requires that the second-order equations of motion be put into first-order form. In this paper, we demonstrate that normal form analysis can be carried out on the second-order equations of motion. In addition, for forced, damped, nonlinear vibration problems, we show that the invariance properties of the first- and second-order transforms differ. As a result, using the second-order approach leads to a simplified formulation for forced, damped, nonlinear vibration problems.