Rush, R.R., Oukrop, C.E. and Sarikakis, K. (2005) A Global Hypothesis for Women in Journalism and Mass Communications: The Ratio of Recurrent and Reinforced Residuum. Gazette, 67 (3). pp. 239-253. ISSN 0016-5492
Abstract
This paper examines the status of women in communications industries and on university faculties. It specifically tests the Ratio of Recurrent and Reinforced Residuum or R3 hypothesis, as developed by Rush in the early 1980s [Rush, Buck & Ogan,1982]. The R3 hypothesis predicts that the percentage of women in the communications industries and on university faculties will follow the ratio residing around 1/4:3/4 or 1/3:2/3 proportion females to males. This paper presents data from a nationwide U.S. survey and compares them to data from global surveys and United Nations reports. The evidence is overwhelming and shows the relevance and validity of the R3 hypothesis across different socio-economic and cultural contexts. The paper argues that the ratio is the outcome of systemic discrimination that operates at multiple levels. The obstacles to achieving equality in the academy as well as media industries are discussed and suggestions for breaking out of the R3 ratio are included. 2
Metadata
Item Type: | Article |
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Authors/Creators: |
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Copyright, Publisher and Additional Information: | © 2005 SAGE Publications. This is an author produced electronic version of an article accepted for publication in Gazette. |
Dates: |
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Institution: | The University of Leeds |
Academic Units: | The University of Leeds > Faculty of Arts, Humanities and Cultures (Leeds) > School of Media & Communication (Leeds) |
Depositing User: | Sherpa Assistant |
Date Deposited: | 20 May 2005 |
Last Modified: | 04 Jun 2014 17:30 |
Published Version: | http://gaz.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/67/3/239 |
Status: | Published |
Refereed: | Yes |
Identification Number: | 10.1177/0016549205052226 |
Open Archives Initiative ID (OAI ID): | oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:464 |