Mardia, K. V. orcid.org/0000-0003-0090-6235, Goodall, C. and Rubbo, J. (Accepted: 2026) A Cylindrical Galton Board at the Galton Board’s 150th Anniversary. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series A (Statistics in Society). ISSN: 0964-1998 (In Press)
Abstract
The celebrated Galton Board, or Quincunx, remains a widely used device for demonstrating how repeated Bernoulli trials on a triangular lattice generate an approximately normal distribution. Marking the 150th anniversary of Galton’s 1875 construction, this paper revisits the historical apparatus and extends it to a cylindrical setting in which the peg lattice is wrapped around a cylinder, enforcing angular periodicity and producing height-dependent behaviour absent from the classical design. This modification connects Galton’s original demonstration of variation and the emergence of the normal distribution with modern developments in circular statistics, providing a physical realisation of binomial random walks on a circular–linear product space. We distinguish configurations where the wrapped lattice subtends only a strict arc from those spanning the full circumference, and show how the resulting geometry yields wrapped binomial, wrapped normal, and circular uniform distributions. We describe the design and construction of our physical model, outline practical considerations for replication, and analyse the statistical properties and pedagogical applications of this cylindrical variant, which offers a modern reinterpretation of Galton’s pioneering work.
Metadata
| Item Type: | Article |
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| Authors/Creators: |
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| Copyright, Publisher and Additional Information: | This is an author produced version of an article accepted for publication in the Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series A (Statistics in Society), made available via the University of Leeds Research Outputs Policy under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC-BY), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. |
| Keywords: | binomial distribution, directional statistics, Quincunx, physical cylindrical board, wrapped binomial distribution, wrapped normal distribution |
| Dates: |
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| Institution: | The University of Leeds |
| Academic Units: | The University of Leeds > Faculty of Engineering & Physical Sciences (Leeds) > School of Mathematics (Leeds) > Statistics (Leeds) |
| Date Deposited: | 08 Sep 2026 15:12 |
| Last Modified: | 09 Sep 2026 04:03 |
| Status: | In Press |
| Publisher: | Oxford University Press |
| Open Archives Initiative ID (OAI ID): | oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:245153 |

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