Blockchain and quantum technologies for securing the global Nuclear supply chain: synergies, applications, technical challenges and opportunities

The infiltration of counterfeit, fraudulent, and suspect items into civil nuclear supply chains, notably within power generation and medical isotope production, poses severe safety and security threats. The ever-increasing growth in nuclear installations (70 power plants are under construction and another 100 are in the planning stage) and the associated supply chain will further expand this threat, leading to compromised system integrity and a heightened risk of operational failures. This perspective article explores the technological synergies between emerging blockchain and quantum technologies to mitigate these vulnerabilities. Specifically, the paper examines how permissioned and hybrid blockchain models, combined with quantum key distribution, quantum random number generators, and post-quantum cryptography, can enhance traceability, provenance verification, data integrity, and secure communications across the supply chain. Drawing upon theoretical frameworks, practical implementation strategies, and emerging real-world case studies, including those from analogous critical sectors, the article analytically examines the technological potential and specific applications of these advanced technologies. A forward-looking roadmap outlines essential technical steps and addresses the inherent technical challenges and opportunities necessary for effective integration of these solutions, ultimately proposing a robust, transparent, and quantum-resilient nuclear supply chain for the future.