Shi, J., Chai, C., Cai, R. et al. (5 more authors) (2024) Effects of various in-vehicle human–machine interfaces on drivers’ takeover performance and gaze pattern in conditionally automated vehicles. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 192. 103362. ISSN 1071-5819
Abstract
With the era of automated driving approaching, designing an effective and suitable human–machine interface (HMI) to present takeover requests (TORs) is critical to ensure driving safety. The present study conducted a simulated driving experiment to explore the effects of three HMIs (instrument panel, head-up display [HUD], and peripheral HMI) on takeover performance, simultaneously considering the TOR type (informative and generic TORs). Drivers’ eye movement data were also collected to investigate how drivers distribute their attention between the HMI and surrounding environment during the takeover process. The results showed that using the peripheral HMI to present TORs can shorten takeover time, and drivers rated this HMI as more useful and satisfactory than conventional HMIs (instrument panel and HUD). Eye movement analysis revealed that the peripheral HMI encourages drivers to spend more time gazing at the road ahead and less time gazing at the TOR information than the instrument panel and HUD, indicating a better gaze pattern for traffic safety. The HUD seemed to have a risk of capturing drivers’ attention, which resulted in an ‘attention tunnel,’ compared to the instrument panel. In addition, informative TORs were associated with better takeover performance and prompted drivers to spend less time gazing at rear-view mirrors than generic TORs. The findings of the present study can provide insights into the design and implementation of in-vehicle HMIs to improve the driving safety of automated vehicles.
Metadata
Item Type: | Article |
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Authors/Creators: |
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Copyright, Publisher and Additional Information: | This is an author produced version of an article accepted for publication in International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC-BY), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. |
Keywords: | Conditional automated driving; Human-machine interface; Takeover request; Takeover performance; Gaze behavior |
Dates: |
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Institution: | The University of Leeds |
Academic Units: | The University of Leeds > Faculty of Environment (Leeds) > Institute for Transport Studies (Leeds) |
Funding Information: | Funder Grant number Innovate UK fka Technology Strategy Board (TSB) 84063-528134 Nissan Technical Centre (Europe) Not Known EU - European Union 860410 |
Depositing User: | Symplectic Publications |
Date Deposited: | 12 Mar 2025 10:58 |
Last Modified: | 12 Mar 2025 10:58 |
Status: | Published |
Publisher: | Elsevier |
Identification Number: | 10.1016/j.ijhcs.2024.103362 |
Open Archives Initiative ID (OAI ID): | oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:224324 |