Neutron star – white dwarf binaries: probing formation pathways and natal kicks with LISA

Neutron star–white dwarf (NS + WD) binaries offer a unique opportunity for studying NS-specific phenomena with gravitational waves. In this paper, we employ the binary population synthesis technique to study the Galactic population of NS + WD binaries with the future Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA). We anticipate approximately O (102) detectable NS + WD binaries by LISA, encompassing both circular and eccentric ones formed via different pathways. Despite the challenge of distinguishing these binaries from more prevalent double white dwarfs (especially at frequencies below 2 mHz), we show that their eccentricity and chirp mass distributions may provide avenues to explore the NS natal kicks and common envelope evolution. Additionally, we investigate the spatial distribution of detectable NS + WD binaries relative to the Galactic plane and discuss prospects for identifying electromagnetic counterparts at radio wavelengths. Our results emphasise LISA’s capability to detect and characterize NS + WD binaries and to offer insights into the properties of the underlying population. Our conclusions carry significant implications for shaping LISA data analysis strategies and future data interpretation.