Peng, C orcid.org/0000-0001-7285-3123, Merat, N, Romano, R orcid.org/0000-0002-2132-4077 et al. (7 more authors) (2022) Drivers’ Evaluation of Different Automated Driving Styles: Is It Both Comfortable and Natural? Human Factors. ISSN 0018-7208
Abstract
Objective
This study investigated users’ subjective evaluation of three highly automated driving styles, in terms of comfort and naturalness, when negotiating a UK road in a high-fidelity, motion-based, driving simulator.
Background
Comfort and naturalness play an important role in contributing to users’ acceptance and trust of automated vehicles (AVs), although not much is understood about the types of driving style which are considered comfortable or natural.
Method
A driving simulator study, simulating roads with different road geometries and speed limits, was conducted. Twenty-four participants experienced three highly automated driving styles, two of which were recordings from human drivers, and the other was based on a machine learning (ML) algorithm, termed Defensive, Aggressive, and Turner, respectively. Participants evaluated comfort or naturalness of each driving style, for each road segment, and completed a Sensation Seeking questionnaire, which assessed their risk-taking propensity.
Results
Participants regarded both human-like driving styles as more comfortable and natural, compared with the less human-like, ML-based, driving controller. Particularly, between the two human-like controllers, the Defensive style was considered more comfortable, especially for the more challenging road environments. Differences in preference for controller by driver trait were also observed, with the Aggressive driving style evaluated as more natural by the high sensation seekers.
Conclusion
Participants were able to distinguish between human- and machine-like AV controllers. A range of psychological concepts must be considered for the subjective evaluation of controllers.
Application
Insights into how different driver groups evaluate automated vehicle controllers are important in designing more acceptable systems.
Metadata
Item Type: | Article |
---|---|
Authors/Creators: |
|
Copyright, Publisher and Additional Information: | Copyright © 2022, The Author(s). This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC-BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. |
Keywords: | highly automated driving, driving style, comfort, naturalness, sensation seeking |
Dates: |
|
Institution: | The University of Leeds |
Academic Units: | The University of Leeds > Faculty of Environment (Leeds) > Institute for Transport Studies (Leeds) > ITS: Safety and Technology (Leeds) |
Funding Information: | Funder Grant number Innovate UK fka Technology Strategy Board (TSB) 84063-528134 |
Depositing User: | Symplectic Publications |
Date Deposited: | 11 Aug 2022 15:38 |
Last Modified: | 29 Nov 2023 14:39 |
Status: | Published online |
Publisher: | SAGE Publications |
Identification Number: | 10.1177/00187208221113448 |
Related URLs: | |
Open Archives Initiative ID (OAI ID): | oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:189862 |