Soltanahmadi, S, Raske, N, de Boer, GN orcid.org/0000-0002-5647-1771 et al. (3 more authors) (2021) Fabrication of Cartilage-Inspired Hydrogel/Entangled Polymer–Elastomer Structures Possessing Poro-Elastic Properties. ACS Applied Polymer Materials. ISSN 2637-6105
Abstract
The ability to replicate the load-bearing properties of articular cartilage is attractive for many engineering applications, particularly bearings where low friction, low wear, and high durability are required. Hydrogels are widely used materials spanning many diverse applications owing to their lubricity and unique mechanical/chemical properties. The poor mechanical characteristics of conventional hydrogels, especially their compressive behavior, limit their application in load-bearing applications despite their favorable properties such as poro/viscoelasticity and lubricity. This paper demonstrates a cartilage-inspired approach to produce a structure that benefits from water-swelling resistant and ultrafast recovery behavior of elastomers as well as the stress-relaxation and energy dissipation properties of hydrogels. A method is presented in this work to fabricate interconnected macro-porous elastomers based on sintering poly(methyl methacrylate) beads. The porous elastomer imparted structural support and resilience to its composite with an infused-grafted hydrogel. At 30% strain and depending upon the strain rate, the composite exhibited a load-bearing behavior that was 14–19 times greater than that of pristine hydrogel and approximately 3 times greater than that of the porous elastomer. The equilibrium elastic modulus of the composite was 452 kPa at a strain range of 10%–30%, which was close to the values reported for the modulus of cartilage tested with similar experimental parameters defined in this study. The dissipated energy for the composite at strain rates of 1 and 10–3 s–1 was enhanced by 25-, 25-, 5-, and 15-fold as compared to that for the pristine hydrogel and the porous elastomer, respectively. The cyclic loading tests at two strain rates showed that the composite immediately recovers its load-bearing properties with the maximum load recovery staying above 95% of its initial values throughout the testing. The permeability of the structures was measured experimentally, and the results showed a decrease of permeability by 3 orders of magnitude following hydrogel grafting.
Metadata
Item Type: | Article |
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Authors/Creators: |
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Copyright, Publisher and Additional Information: | © 2021 American Chemical Society. This is an author produced version of a journal article published in ACS Applied Polymer Materials. Uploaded in accordance with the publisher's self-archiving policy. |
Keywords: | poro-elastic; bioinspired hydrogel; cartilage rehydration; stress relaxation; tough hydrogel composite; polyacrylamide gel |
Dates: |
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Institution: | The University of Leeds |
Academic Units: | The University of Leeds > Faculty of Engineering & Physical Sciences (Leeds) > School of Mechanical Engineering (Leeds) > Institute of Engineering Thermofluids, Surfaces & Interfaces (iETSI) (Leeds) |
Depositing User: | Symplectic Publications |
Date Deposited: | 12 Apr 2021 12:01 |
Last Modified: | 09 Apr 2022 00:38 |
Status: | Published online |
Publisher: | American Chemical Society |
Identification Number: | 10.1021/acsapm.1c00256 |
Related URLs: | |
Open Archives Initiative ID (OAI ID): | oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:173000 |