Veldhuis, SA, Stawski, TM, Gonzalez Rodriguez, P et al. (4 more authors) (2018) Following the Kinetics of Barium Titanate Nanocrystal Formation in Benzyl Alcohol Under Near‐Ambient Conditions. Small, 14 (40). ARTN1802003. ISSN 1613-6810
Abstract
In complex chemical syntheses (e.g., coprecipitation reactions), nucleation, growth, and coarsening often occur concurrently, obscuring the individual processes. Improved knowledge of these processes will help to better understand and optimize the reaction protocol. Here, a form‐free and model independent approach, based on a combination of time‐resolved small/wide‐angle X‐ray scattering, is employed to elucidate the effect of reaction parameters (such as precursor concentration, reactant stoichiometry, and temperature) on the nucleation, crystallization, and growth phenomena during the formation of nanocrystalline barium titanate. The strength of this approach is that it relies solely on the total scattered intensity (i.e., scattering invariant) of the investigated system, and no prior knowledge is required. As such, it can be widely applied to other synthesis protocols and material's systems. Through the scattering invariant, it is found that the amorphous‐to‐crystalline transformation of barium titanate is predominantly determined by the total amount of water released from the gel‐like barium hydroxide octahydrate precursor, and three rate‐limiting regimes are established. As a result of this improved understanding of the effect of varying reaction conditions, elementary boundary conditions can be set up for a better control of the barium titanate nanocrystal synthesis.
Metadata
Item Type: | Article |
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Authors/Creators: |
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Copyright, Publisher and Additional Information: | © 2018 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim. This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Following the Kinetics of Barium Titanate Nanocrystal Formation in Benzyl Alcohol Under Near‐Ambient Conditions. S. A. Veldhuis, T. M. Stawski, P. Gonzalez Rodriguez, H. Yuan, R. Besselink, L. G. Benning, J. E. ten Elshof, Small 2018, 14, 1802003, which has been published in final form at https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201802003. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Use of Self-Archived Versions. |
Keywords: | model independent analysis; perovskites; reaction kinetics; small angle X‐ray scattering; sol–gel |
Dates: |
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Institution: | The University of Leeds |
Academic Units: | The University of Leeds > Faculty of Environment (Leeds) > School of Earth and Environment (Leeds) > Earth Surface Science Institute (ESSI) (Leeds) |
Depositing User: | Symplectic Publications |
Date Deposited: | 25 Oct 2018 10:25 |
Last Modified: | 10 Sep 2019 00:39 |
Status: | Published |
Publisher: | Wiley |
Identification Number: | 10.1002/smll.201802003 |
Open Archives Initiative ID (OAI ID): | oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:137760 |