Governance of urban green infrastructure in informal settlements of Windhoek, Namibia

In light of increased rural-urban migration, population growth, climate change impacts, and cascading natural, security, and health hazards, many municipalities in Sub-Saharan Africa are beginning to consider the benefits of urban green infrastructure for improving the resilience and wellbeing of residents living in informal settlements. However, present governance systems are often ill-equipped to deliver the scale of planning needed. Integration of UGI into local government mandates, spatial planning, and targeted action plans remains limited, further inhibited by scarce empirical research on the topic in Africa. Taking Windhoek, Namibia, and specifically Moses ‖Garoëb, Samora Machel, and Tobias Hainyeko Constituencies as a case study, we fitted key informant interview (n = 23), focus group (n = 20), and participant observation data into existing governance theory to investigate (a) benefits and trade-offs of present UGI in Windhoek’s informal settlements; (b) UGI governance in terms of institutional frameworks, actors and coalitions, resources, and processes; and (c) the key desirable pathways for future UGI governance in informal settlements. To this end, we used five green infrastructure initiatives to dissect governance intricacies, and found diverse opportunities for robust UGI initiatives that use innovative governance mechanisms. Additionally, the urgent need for climate resilience in Namibia offers a policy and practice window to adopt context-specific approaches for multifunctional UGI. However, for these initiatives to succeed, collaborative governance platforms and clearly delineated mandates for UGI are necessary, with explicit integration of UGI into strategies for in-situ informal settlements upgrading and green job growth.