Water-in-Oil Pickering Emulsions Stabilized by Synergistic Particle-Particle Interactions

Here, we report a novel ‘double Pickering stabilization’ of W/O emulsions, where complex formation at the interface between Pickering polyphenol particles adsorbing from the oil side and WPM particles co-adsorbing from the aqueous side of the interface is investigated. The interfacial complex formation was strongly dependent on the concentration of WPM particles. At low WPM concentrations, both polyphenol crystals and WPM particles are present at the interface and the water droplets were stabilized through their synergistic action, whilst at higher concentrations, the WPM particles acted as ‘colloidal glue’ between the water droplets and polyphenol crystals, enhancing the water droplet stability for more than 90 days and prevented coalescence. Via this mechanism, addition of WPM up to 1 wt% gave a significant improvement in the stability of the W/O emulsions, allowing increasing to 20 wt% water droplet fraction. The evidence suggests that the complex was probably formed due to electrostatic attraction between oppositely-charged polyphenol Pickering particles on the oil side of the interface and WPM ‘Pickering’ particles mainly on the aqueous side of the interface. Interfacial shear viscosity measurements and monolayer (Langmuir trough) experiments at the air-water interface provided further evidence of this strengthening of the film due to the synergistic particle-particle complex formation at the interface.