Wyatt, DW, Li, H orcid.org/0000-0002-2670-874X and Tate, JE orcid.org/0000-0003-1646-6852 (2014) The impact of road grade on carbon dioxide (CO₂) emission of a passenger vehicle in real-world driving. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 32. pp. 160-170. ISSN 1361-9209
Abstract
To accurately estimate real-world vehicle emission at 1Hz the road grade for each second of data must be quantified. Failure to incorporate road grade can result in over or underestimation of a vehicle's power output and hence cause inaccuracy in the instantaneous emission estimate. This study proposes a simple LiDAR (Light Detection And Ranging) - GIS (Geographic Information System) road grade estimation methodology, using GIS software to interpolate the elevation for each second of data from a Digital Terrain Map (DTM). On-road carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from a passenger car were recorded by Portable Emission Measurement System (PEMS) over 48 test laps through an urban-traffic network. The test lap was divided into 8 sections for micro-scale analysis. The PHEM instantaneous emission model (Hausberger, 2003) was employed to estimate the total CO2 emission through each lap and section. The addition of the LiDAR-GIS road grade to the PHEM modelling improved the accuracy of the CO2 emission predictions. The average PHEM estimate (with road grade) of the PEMS measured section total CO2 emission (n=288) was 93%, with 90% of the PHEM estimates between 80% and 110% of the PEMS recorded value. The research suggests that instantaneous emission modelling with LiDAR-GIS calculated road grade is a viable method for generating accurate real-world micro-scale CO2 emission estimates. The sensitivity of the CO2 emission predictions to road grade was also tested by lessening and exaggerating the gradient profiles, and demonstrates that assuming a flat profile could cause considerable error in real-world CO2 emission estimation.
Metadata
Item Type: | Article |
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Authors/Creators: |
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Copyright, Publisher and Additional Information: | (c) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. NOTICE: this is the author’s version of a work that was accepted for publication in Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment. Changes resulting from the publishing process, such as peer review, editing, corrections, structural formatting, and other quality control mechanisms may not be reflected in this document. Changes may have been made to this work since it was submitted for publication. A definitive version was subsequently published in Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 32, (2014) DOI 10.1016/j.trd.2014.07.015 |
Keywords: | Carbon dioxide; LiDAR; Portable emission measurement system (PEMS); Road grade; Vehicle emissions; Vehicle specific power |
Dates: |
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Institution: | The University of Leeds |
Academic Units: | The University of Leeds > Faculty of Engineering & Physical Sciences (Leeds) > School of Chemical & Process Engineering (Leeds) The University of Leeds > Faculty of Environment (Leeds) > Institute for Transport Studies (Leeds) > ITS: Spatial Modelling and Dynamics (Leeds) |
Depositing User: | Symplectic Publications |
Date Deposited: | 20 Feb 2015 14:51 |
Last Modified: | 27 Oct 2020 11:23 |
Published Version: | http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2014.07.015 |
Status: | Published |
Publisher: | Elsevier |
Identification Number: | 10.1016/j.trd.2014.07.015 |
Related URLs: | |
Open Archives Initiative ID (OAI ID): | oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:83026 |