Development of wet environmental TEM (wet-ETEM) for in situ studies of liquid-solid catalyst reactions on the nanoscale

We present the development of in situ wet environmental transmission electron microscopy (Wet-ETEM) for direct probing of controlled liquid–catalyst reactions at operating temperatures on the nanoscale. The first nanoscale imaging and electron diffraction of dynamic liquid hydrogenation and polymerization reactions in the manufacture of polyamides reported here opens up new opportunities for high resolution studies of a wide range of solution–solid and solution–gas–solid reactions in the chemical and biological sciences.