Activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ reverses squamous metaplasia and induces transitional differentiation in normal human urothelial cells

We observed that in urothelium, both cornifying and noncornifying forms of squamous metaplasia are accompanied by changes in the localization of the nuclear hormone receptors, peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ (PPAR-γ) and retinoid X receptor (RXR-α). To obtain objective evidence for a role for PPAR--mediated signaling in urothelial differentiation, we examined expression of the cytokeratin isotypes CK13, CK20, and CK14 as indicators of transitional, terminal transitional, and squamous differentiation, respectively, in cultures of normal human urothelial cells. In control culture conditions, normal human urothelial cells showed evidence of squamous differentiation (CK14+, CK13–, CK20–). Treatment with the high-affinity PPAR-γ agonist, troglitazone (TZ), resulted in gain of CK13 and loss of CK14 protein expression. The effect of TZ was significantly augmented when the autocrine-stimulated epidermal growth factor receptor pathway was inhibited and this resulted in induction of CK20 expression. The RXR-specific inhibitors PA452, HX531, and HX603 inhibited the TZ-induced CK13 expression, supporting a role for RXR in the induction of CK13 expression. Thus, signaling through PPAR-γ can mediate transitional differentiation of urothelial cells and this is modulated by growth regulatory programs.