Mara, DD, Sleigh, PA, Hamilton, AJ et al. (2 more authors) (2010) Tools for Risk Analysis: Updating the 2006 WHO guidelines. In: Drechsel, P, Scott, CA, Raschid-Sally, L, Redwood, M and Bahri, A, (eds.) Wastewater Irrigation and Health: Assessing and Mitigating Risk in Low-Income Countries. Earthscan/IDRC , London , 89 - 100 . ISBN 978-1-84407-795-3
Abstract
This chapter reviews developments since the WHO Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater in agriculture were published in 2006. The six main developments are: the recognition that the tolerable additional disease burden may be too stringent for many developing countries; the benefits of focusing on single-event infection risks as a measure of outbreak potential when evaluating risk acceptability; a more rigorous method for estimating annual risks; the availability of dose-response data for norovirus; the use of QMRA to estimate Ascaris infection risks; and a detailed evaluation of pathogen reductions achieved by produce-washing and disinfection. Application of the developments results in more realistic estimates of the pathogen reductions required for the safe use of wastewater in agriculture and consequently permits the use of simpler wastewater treatment processes.
Metadata
Item Type: | Book Section |
---|---|
Authors/Creators: |
|
Editors: |
|
Copyright, Publisher and Additional Information: | © 2010 Earthscan/IDRC. Reproduced with permission from the copyright holder. |
Keywords: | health, risk, low-income, Wastewater |
Dates: |
|
Institution: | The University of Leeds |
Academic Units: | The University of Leeds > Faculty of Engineering & Physical Sciences (Leeds) > School of Civil Engineering (Leeds) |
Depositing User: | Symplectic Publications |
Date Deposited: | 19 Jan 2012 11:30 |
Last Modified: | 16 Sep 2016 14:14 |
Published Version: | http://www.earthscan.co.uk/ |
Status: | Published |
Publisher: | Earthscan/IDRC |
Related URLs: | |
Open Archives Initiative ID (OAI ID): | oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:43668 |