Upper limits on the isotropic gravitational-wave background from the first part of LIGO, Virgo, and KAGRA’s fourth observing run

Abstract

We present results from the search for an isotropic gravitational-wave background using Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo data from O1 through O4a, the first part of the fourth observing run. This background is the accumulated signal from unresolved sources throughout cosmic history and encodes information about the merger history of compact binaries throughout the Universe, as well as exotic physics and potentially primordial processes from the early cosmos. Our cross-correlation analysis reveals no statistically significant background signal, enabling us to constrain several theoretical scenarios. For compact binary coalescences which approximately follow a 2=3 power-law spectrum, we constrain the fractional energy density to ΩGWð25 HzÞ ≤ 2.0 × 10−9 (95% credibility), a factor of 1.7 improvement over previous results. Scale-invariant backgrounds are constrained to ΩGWð25 HzÞ ≤ 2.8 × 10−9, representing a 2.1× sensitivity gain. We also place new limits on alternative gravity theories predicting nonstandard polarization modes and confirm that terrestrial magnetic noise sources remain below our detection threshold. Combining these spectral limits with population models for Gravitational-Wave Transient Catalog (GWTC)-4, the latest gravitational-wave event catalog, we find our constraints remain above predicted merger backgrounds but are approaching detectability. The joint analysis combining the background limits shown here with GWTC-4 enables improved inference of the binary black hole merger rate evolution across cosmic time. Furthermore, employing GWTC-4 inference results and standard modeling choices, we estimate that the total background arising from compact binary coalescences is ΩCBCð25 HzÞ¼0.9þ1.1 −0.5 × 10−9 at 90% confidence, where the largest contribution is due to binary black holes only, ΩBBHð25 HzÞ¼0.8þ1.1 −0.5 × 10−9.

Metadata

Item Type:	Article
Authors/Creators:	Abac, A.G. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4786-2698 Abouelfettouh, I. Acernese, F. Ackley, K. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8648-0767 Adamcewicz, C. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5525-6255 Adhicary, S. https://orcid.org/0009-0004-2101-5428 Adhikari, D. Adhikari, N. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4559-8427 Adhikari, R.X. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5731-5076 Adkins, V.K. Afroz, S. https://orcid.org/0009-0004-4459-2981 Agapito, A. Agarwal, D. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8735-5554 Agathos, M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9072-1121 Aggarwal, N. Aggarwal, S. Aguiar, O.D. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2139-4390 Ahrend, I.-L. Aiello, L. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2771-8816 Ain, A. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4534-4619 Ajith, P. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7519-2439 Akutsu, T. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0733-7530 Albanesi, S. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7345-4415 Ali, W. Al-Kershi, S. Alléné, C. Allocca, A. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5288-1351 Al-Shammari, S. Altin, P.A. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8193-5825 Alvarez-Lopez, S. https://orcid.org/0009-0003-8040-4936 Amar, W. Amarasinghe, O. Amato, A. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9557-651X Amicucci, F. https://orcid.org/0009-0005-2139-4197 Amra, C. Ananyeva, A. Anderson, S.B. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2219-9383 Anderson, W.G. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0482-5942 Andia, M. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3675-9126 Ando, M. Andrés-Carcasona, M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8738-1672 Andrić, T. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9277-9773 Anglin, J. Ansoldi, S. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5613-7693 Antelis, J.M. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3377-0813 Antier, S. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7686-3334 Aoumi, M. Appavuravther, E.Z. Appert, S. 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Copyright, Publisher and Additional Information:	© 2026. Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article’s title, journal citation, and DOI. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Keywords:	Mathematical Physics; Mathematical Sciences; Physical Sciences
Dates:	Submitted: 29 August 2025 Accepted: 1 December 2025 Published (online): 20 August 2026 Published: 15 August 2026
Institution:	The University of Sheffield
Academic Units:	The University of Sheffield > Faculty of Science (Sheffield) > School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences The University of Sheffield > Faculty of Science (Sheffield) > Department of Physics and Astronomy (Sheffield)
Date Deposited:	28 Aug 2026 12:05
Last Modified:	28 Aug 2026 12:05
Status:	Published
Publisher:	American Physical Society (APS)
Refereed:	Yes
Identification Number:	10.1103/wq57-sjt2
Open Archives Initiative ID (OAI ID):	oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:244860

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Upper limits on the isotropic gravitational-wave background from the first part of LIGO, Virgo, and KAGRA’s fourth observing run

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