Mechanism of K63-linked polyubiquitin recognition and cleavage by the BRCA1-A complex

Deubiquitylases modulate cellular processes by removing monoubiquitin or cleaving polyubiquitin chains. The ARISC–RAP80 complex partners with BRCA1–BARD1 to form the BRCA1-A supercomplex, which recognises K63-linked ubiquitin chains at DNA damage sites. ARISC–RAP80 contains multiple ubiquitin-binding sites, yet how these influence recognition and cleavage of K63-polyubiquitylated substrates remains unknown. We discover that a composite three-subunit interface allows ARISC–RAP80 to position K63-linked polyubiquitin chains in its catalytic site. Substrate recognition is further supported by RAP80 and non-catalytic ubiquitin-binding sites that impose a compact conformation on K63-polyubiquitylated substrates. This mechanism exploits the inherent flexibility of long ubiquitin chains and differs considerably from other deubiquitylases. Structure-guided mutageneses validate ubiquitin chain interactions, and cell-based assays demonstrate a functional role of the observed interfaces in chromatin recruitment. Our findings define mechanisms of polyubiquitin chain decoding and cleavage by ARISC–RAP80, linking ubiquitin reading and erasing functions to BRCA1-A mediated DNA damage responses.