Fostering inclusive participation in non-invasive neurotechnology research: a community-based study with an underrepresented population

Despite the growing role of neurotechnologies in neuroscience and clinical care, Black African communities remain critically underrepresented in the UK research and clinical trials. Historical lack of diversity in neurotechnology studies raises important concerns regarding accessibility, trust, cultural appropriateness, and whether research practices and emerging technologies adequately reflect the needs and lived experiences of underrepresented communities. This study presents, to our knowledge, the first comprehensive community-led, mixed-methods investigation into barriers and enablers of participation in non-invasive neurotechnology research within a UK Somali community. Moving beyond laboratory-based engagement approaches, we co-designed and delivered a three-workshop programme covering neuroimaging (EEG/fNIRS), brain stimulation, and reflective co-creation, hosted within a trusted community center with gender-matched facilitation and interpreter support. The study focused on identifying practical, cultural, and structural barriers affecting participation in neurotechnology research and on co-producing inclusive adaptations to improve accessibility and acceptability. Thirty community members (balanced by gender) took part in workshops, focus groups, and interviews; a subset (n = 10) completed optional EEG/fNIRS sessions on site. A structured thematic analysis (Gioia approach) integrated workshop notes, questionnaires, and interviews, with member reflections in Workshop 3 providing respondent validation. The engagement design explicitly accommodated cultural-religious needs (privacy, prayer times, gender matching) and supported language inclusion. Four barrier domains were identified: (1) structural/socioeconomic constraints, (2) cultural and religious requirements, (3) limited awareness and misconceptions, and (4) trust/accountability gaps. Co-produced adaptations (venue choice, staffing, scheduling, multilingual materials, and prototype hardware) directly addressed these barriers and enhanced acceptability. The study delivers an evidence-informed framework for inclusive, community-centered neurotechnology research, advancing equitable participation while maintaining methodological and technical integrity.