Data Release 1 of the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument

Abstract

In 2021 May the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) collaboration began a 5 yr spectroscopic redshift survey to produce a detailed map of the evolving three-dimensional structure of the Universe between z = 0 and z ≈ 4. DESI’s principal scientific objectives are to place precise constraints on the equation of state of dark energy, the gravitationally driven growth of large-scale structure, and the sum of the neutrino masses, and to explore the observational signatures of primordial inflation. We present DESI DR1, which consists of all data acquired during the first 13 months of the DESI main survey, as well as a uniform reprocessing of the DESI Survey Validation data, which were previously made public in the DESI Early Data Release. The DR1 main survey includes high-confidence redshifts for 18.7M objects, of which 13.1M are spectroscopically classified as galaxies, 1.6M as quasars, and 4M as stars, making DR1 the largest sample of extragalactic redshifts ever assembled. We summarize the DR1 observations, the spectroscopic data-reduction pipeline and data products, large-scale structure catalogs, value-added catalogs, and describe how to access and interact with the data. In addition to fulfilling its core cosmological objectives with unprecedented precision, we expect DR1 to enable a wide range of transformational astrophysical studies and discoveries.

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Item Type:	Article
Authors/Creators:	Abdul Karim, M. https://orcid.org/0009-0000-7133-142X Adame, A.G. Aguado, D. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5200-3973 Aguilar, J. Ahlen, S. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6098-7247 Alam, S. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3757-6359 Aldering, G. Alexander, D.M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5896-6313 Alfarsy, R. Allen, L. Allende Prieto, C. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0084-572X Alves, O. Anand, A. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2923-1585 Andrade, U. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4118-8236 Armengaud, E. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7600-5148 Avila, S. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5043-3662 Aviles, A. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5998-3986 Awan, H. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2296-7717 Bailey, S. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4162-6619 Baleato Lizancos, A. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0232-6480 Ballester, O. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7126-5300 Bault, A. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9964-1005 Bautista, J. Bean, R. Behera, J. https://orcid.org/0009-0002-2434-5903 BenZvi, S. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5537-4710 Beraldo e Silva, L. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0740-1507 Bermejo-Climent, J.R. Beutler, F. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0467-5438 Bianchi, D. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9712-0006 Blake, C. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5423-5919 Blum, R. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8622-4237 Bolton, A.S. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9836-603X Bonici, M. Brieden, S. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3896-9215 Brodzeller, A. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8934-0954 Brooks, D. Buckley-Geer, E. Burtin, E. Byström, A. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5689-8791 Canning, R. Carnero Rosell, A. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3044-5150 Carr, A. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4074-5659 Carrilho, P. Casas, L. Castander, F.J. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7316-4573 Cereskaite, R. 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Copyright, Publisher and Additional Information:	© 2026 The Authors. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Dates:	Accepted: 27 February 2026 Published (online): 13 April 2026 Published: 13 April 2026
Institution:	The University of Sheffield
Academic Units:	The University of Sheffield > Faculty of Engineering (Sheffield) > Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering (Sheffield)
Date Deposited:	09 Jul 2026 09:02
Last Modified:	09 Jul 2026 09:02
Published Version:	https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/ae4c43
Status:	Published
Publisher:	American Astronomical Society
Refereed:	Yes
Identification Number:	10.3847/1538-3881/ae4c43
Related URLs:	Author
Open Archives Initiative ID (OAI ID):	oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:242970

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Data Release 1 of the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument

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