Searches for continuous gravitational waves from supernova remnants in the first part of the LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA fourth observing run

Abstract

We present results from directed searches for continuous gravitational waves from a sample of 15 nearby supernova remnants, likely hosting young neutron star candidates, using data from the first eight months of the fourth observing run (O4) of the LIGO–Virgo–KAGRA Collaboration. The analysis employs five pipelines: four semicoherent methods—the Band-Sampled-Data directed pipeline, Weave, and two Viterbi pipelines (single- and dual-harmonic)—and PyStoch, a cross-correlation-based pipeline. These searches cover wide frequency bands and do not assume prior knowledge of the targets’ ephemerides. No evidence of a signal is found from any of the 15 sources. We set 95% confidence-level upper limits on the intrinsic strain amplitude, with the most stringent constraints reaching ∼4 × 10−26 near 300 Hz for the nearby source G266.2−1.2 (Vela Jr.). We also derive limits on neutron star ellipticity and r-mode amplitudes for the same source, with the best constraints reaching ≲10−7 and ≲10−5, respectively, at frequencies above 400 Hz. For frequencies above 200 Hz, these results represent the most sensitive wide-band directed searches for continuous gravitational waves from supernova remnants to date.

Metadata

Item Type:	Article
Authors/Creators:	Abac, A.G. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4786-2698 Abouelfettouh, I. Acernese, F. Ackley, K. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8648-0767 Adamcewicz, C. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5525-6255 Adhicary, S. https://orcid.org/0009-0004-2101-5428 Adhikari, D. Adhikari, N. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4559-8427 Adhikari, R.X. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5731-5076 Adkins, V.K. Afroz, S. https://orcid.org/0009-0004-4459-2981 Agapito, A. Agarwal, D. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8735-5554 Agathos, M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9072-1121 Aggarwal, N. Aggarwal, S. Aguiar, O.D. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2139-4390 Ahrend, I.-L. Aiello, L. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2771-8816 Ain, A. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4534-4619 Ajith, P. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7519-2439 Akutsu, T. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0733-7530 Albanesi, S. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7345-4415 Ali, W. Al-Kershi, S. Alléné, C. Allocca, A. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5288-1351 Al-Shammari, S. Altin, P.A. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8193-5825 Alvarez-Lopez, S. https://orcid.org/0009-0003-8040-4936 Amar, W. Amarasinghe, O. Amato, A. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9557-651X Amicucci, F. https://orcid.org/0009-0005-2139-4197 Amra, C. Ananyeva, A. Anderson, S.B. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2219-9383 Anderson, W.G. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0482-5942 Andia, M. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3675-9126 Ando, M. Andrés-Carcasona, M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8738-1672 Andrić, T. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9277-9773 Anglin, J. Ansoldi, S. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5613-7693 Antelis, J.M. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3377-0813 Antier, S. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7686-3334 Aoumi, M. Appavuravther, E.Z. Appert, S. 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Valencia, J. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2648-9759 Valentini, M. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1215-4552 Vallejo-Peña, S.A. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6827-9509 Vallero, S. Valsan, V. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0315-4091 van Dael, M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6061-8131 Van den Bossche, E. https://orcid.org/0009-0009-2070-0964 van den Brand, J.F.J. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4434-5353 Van Den Broeck, C. van der Sluys, M. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1231-0762 Van de Walle, A. van Dongen, J. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0964-2483 Vandra, K. VanDyke, M. van Haevermaet, H. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2386-957X van Heijningen, J.V. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8391-7513 Van Hove, P. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2431-3381 Vanier, J. VanKeuren, M. Vanosky, J. van Remortel, N. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4180-8199 Vardaro, M. Vargas, A.F. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8396-5227 Varma, V. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9994-1761 Vazquez, A.N. 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Copyright, Publisher and Additional Information:	© 2026 The Authors. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Dates:	Accepted: 16 April 2026 Published (online): 15 June 2026 Published: 15 June 2026
Institution:	The University of Sheffield
Academic Units:	The University of Sheffield > Faculty of Science (Sheffield) > School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences The University of Sheffield > Faculty of Science (Sheffield) > Department of Physics and Astronomy (Sheffield)
Date Deposited:	08 Jul 2026 15:55
Last Modified:	08 Jul 2026 15:55
Published Version:	https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ae6263
Status:	Published
Publisher:	American Astronomical Society
Refereed:	Yes
Identification Number:	10.3847/1538-4357/ae6263
Open Archives Initiative ID (OAI ID):	oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:242958

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Searches for continuous gravitational waves from supernova remnants in the first part of the LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA fourth observing run

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