Dust destruction signals shock-accelerated outflows in the nearby active galaxy NGC 1068

Massive gas outflows driven by active galactic nuclei (AGN) are a key ingredient in models of galaxy evolution, in which they are required to regulate star formation and thus explain the observed properties of the galaxy population. However, it remains uncertain how such outflows are accelerated. Here, we use deep spectroscopic observations of the nearby active galaxy NGC 1068 to directly address this issue. Based on the flux ratios of high-ionisation [NeV]λ3425 and [FeVII]λ6087 coronal forbidden lines, we show that the non-outflowing gas in the disk of the galaxy is characterised by high levels of depletion of refractory elements onto dust grains, but the outflowing gas just above the disk is largely dust-free. Consistent results are also found for the ratios of lower-ionisation forbidden lines of refractory and non-refractory elements. Moreover, a range of diagnostic ratios demonstrate that the density of outflowing gas is a factor 19–110 times higher than that of the non-outflowing gas. Together, these results imply that the outflows in NGC 1068 are accelerated by fast shocks that both compress the gas and destroy much of the dust. Consistent with the idea that AGN-driven shocks play an important role in heating and accelerating the near-nuclear gas in galaxies, this study demonstrates that coronal emission lines are a key diagnostic of the destructive impact of AGN activity.