Electric mobility in India: charging infrastructure, energy storage, grid integration, and policy perspectives

India's electric mobility is shifting from a policy vision to a grid-critical energy transformation. In contrast to existing research that analyzes market trends, incentives, and charging expansion independently, this paper provides a systems-level, grid-centric assessment of India's Electric Vehicle (EV) ecosystem. A structured framework, combining transport and non-transport electrification; duty-class segmentations; charging architectures; battery technologies; renewable energy (RES) integration; and deregulated electricity market participation, has been presented in this paper. India's EV growth is highly skewed towards the light-duty segments, whereas medium- and heavy-duty electrification adds concentrated grid loading and infrastructure upgrade requirements. They critically evaluate various charging approaches, looking at charging speed, battery degradation, thermal stress, and grid compatibility. This paper investigates different charging architectures of EVs with respect to the urban density in India and highway electrification needs. The most important contribution is the techno-economic implications on the participation of vehicle-to-grid (V2G) and distributed battery storage in deregulated electricity markets, depicting EVs as flexible grid assets. Aligning policy development, infrastructure construction, and efforts to integrate RES, this work maps a strategic and synergistic path towards sustainable EV deployment in alignment with India's EV30@2030 and net-zero 2070 goals.