Plant essential oil nanocarriers: Preparation strategies, antibacterial mechanisms and food preservation applications

Nanocarriers infused with plant essential oil offer a promising route for mitigating food safety risks associated with foodborne pathogens, owing to their potent antibacterial properties. Nanocarriers, in particular, have garnered significant interest due to their high payload capacity and ability to enhance the efficacy of bioactive compound. Encapsulation of essential oils within these nanocarriers not only preserves their activity but also amplifies their antimicrobial performance. This review explores the methods used to prepare essential oil-loaded nanocarriers, the mechanisms by which their antibacterial effects are enhanced, and their modes of action. It also examines their practical applications in food preservation and safety. Various nanocarrier systems demonstrate key advantages such as structural stability, controlled release, and targeted delivery, all of which contribute to improved antibacterial outcomes. Central to this discussion are the design principles of these nano formulations, the strategies for boosting their antimicrobial potency, and their emerging roles in food-related technologies. The review concludes by addressing current challenges and future prospects for integrating essential oil-based nanocarriers into the food industry. While many of these materials are still in the experimental phase, their exceptional antibacterial potential positions them as valuable candidates for future food safety solutions.