Amine-Functionalized NiCoFe2O4 Nanoparticle–Embedded Sodium Alginate/Polyvinyl Alcohol Hydrogel Beads as a ROS-Generating, pH-Responsive Drug Carrier

Introduction: Metal oxide nanoparticle–loaded hydrogel beads have recently emerged as a promising tool for controlled release applications. This study explores the synthesis and characterization of amine-functionalized nickel cobalt ferrite (NiCoFe2O4) nanoparticles (ANiCoFe NPs) embedded within sodium alginate/polyvinyl alcohol (SAPVA) hydrogel beads for the controlled release of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). Methods: ANiCoFe NPs were synthesized via chemical co-precipitation, and the NP-loaded hydrogel beads were prepared using ionotropic gelation. The hydrogel beads were characterized by various techniques including FTIR, XRD and TGA. In vitro release studies were performed at pH 7.4 and 2.0 at 37°C, and cytotoxicity was evaluated on MCF-7 and MCF-10 cells. Results: Scanning electron microscopy revealed a highly porous hydrogel structure. Thermal and degradation analyses demonstrated that NP incorporation enhanced hydrogel stability. Release studies confirmed pH-responsive behaviour. Cytotoxicity assays showed that 5-FU/NP-loaded beads significantly reduced MCF-7 cell viability, whereas SAPVA and NP-loaded beads without drug exhibited negligible toxicity toward MCF-10 cells. Discussion: The developed hydrogel beads are pH-responsive and provide controlled drug release, with their ROS-generating capability enhancing their potential for therapeutic applications.