The role of embedded public health researchers in local government: Identifying markers of changes in relationships and how evidence is applied in policy and practice

Background Local government is central to addressing determinants of public health and must use evidence to make effective decisions. In England, local government typically does not have research infrastructure to enable this; an emerging strategy to overcome this challenge is embedding public health researchers. Expectations of embedded researchers (ERs) are often ambitious and long-term (i.e. changing culture towards evidence), with markers of change lacking, making it difficult to measure progress. This study aimed to: (i) better understand the rationale for ERs, and (ii) put forward a framework to track changes resulting from ER roles. Methods A qualitative, self-reflective study was carried out by the authors as five ERs. Data collection took place between April 2023-January 2024 in three stages: (1) initial discussion and written reflections, (2) reflective memo-writing, and (3) peer-to-peer interviews. Data was analysed using a hybrid approach, thematic analysis and the Framework Method, alongside an iterative process of interpretation through team discussion. Results A framework about how ERs can contribute towards changes in evidence application in local government was developed. Relationships were identified as key. Four common relational strategies by ERs were identified to enable change: (1) reflect on context and tailor communication approaches, (2) collaborate across boundaries, (3) be visible/accessible and (4) create space to reflect and learn. Short-term markers of changes in relationships (e.g. ER expertise is seen, valued, and trusted, and relational networks are built) and markers of subsequent changes in evidence use (e.g. mindsets that seek research and evidence, critical thinking) were identified. Conclusions A novel ER framework was developed (four relational strategies with markers of subsequent change), which can be used and tested in future research, evaluation, and practice: to develop clearer theories of change for ER initiatives, help ERs develop confidence in their roles and/or develop clearer ER job specifications and objectives.