Mobile vendor routing adoptions to wholesale market relocations considering cooperative and non-cooperative behaviours

Wholesale markets are crucial in urban supply chains, serving as key distribution hubs for mobile vendors within the informal sector. This study examines how wholesale market relocation affects the routing efficiency of mobile vendors and innovates how cooperative and non-cooperative behaviours shape the spatial distribution outcomes. Methodologically, the study develops an adaptation of the Clarke and Wright Savings Algorithm (CWSA), modified to the operational characteristics of mobile vendors. This approach extends the classical vehicle routing algorithm to decentralised/dynamic informal distribution systems, allowing the potential to cooperate by sharing customer base. The findings reveal that strategically planned market relocations can significantly reduce travel distance, whereas poorly located markets exacerbate routing inefficiencies. Cooperative behaviour further amplifies efficiency gains by reducing redundant travel and balances load distribution. Empirical analysis of the Segiri market relocation in Samarinda (Indonesia) indicated distance savings of 5.27 % under inclusive scenario, which could rise to 34.91 % in selective scenario.