Low-cost hybrid copper–carbon nanotube coating with antimicrobial properties in ambient conditions

Background The development of bactericidal surfaces using nanotechnology has gained traction in high-tech sectors due to their effectiveness against pathogens. However, widespread adoption in low-income regions remains limited by the high cost of materials such as copper nanoparticles and the need for specialized application personnel. This study aims to develop a cost-effective bactericidal coating that minimizes nano-copper usage while maintaining strong antimicrobial performance and practical applicability in resource-limited environments. Results A polymer-based coating incorporating ≤3 wt% nano-copper and carbon nanotubes was formulated to enhance conductivity and mechanical stability. The fabrication process was optimized for on-site application under ambient conditions. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) revealed a uniform surface distribution of nano-copper particles. Bactericidal activity tests confirmed efficacy against Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, and Salmonella spp. Techno-economic analysis indicated that the coating could be integrated into existing surface finishing systems at an incremental cost of 2.6–3.5 USD per gallon. Conclusions This work demonstrates the feasibility of producing and applying affordable nano-based bactericidal coatings under real-world conditions. The approach provides a practical pathway for implementing antimicrobial surface technologies in low-resource settings. Although the present study focused on wood substrates, future research should assess performance on diverse materials to broaden applicability. The combination of cost-effectiveness, efficacy, and scalability underscores the potential for both commercial adoption and significant public health benefits.