Hole, A.R. orcid.org/0000-0002-9413-8101 and Ratcliffe, A. (2025) Difference‐in‐differences with ordinal data: analysing the impact of terror attacks on racial harassment fears of UK Muslims. Fiscal Studies. ISSN: 0143-5671
Abstract
The method of difference-in-differences is central to public policy analysis, but several challenges arise in applying this method to ordinal outcomes, which are routinely collected in surveys and widely analysed in social sciences. In this paper, we propose a user-friendly estimator to implement the method of difference-in-differences with ordinal outcomes to address these challenges. This estimator quantifies the average treatment effect on the treated in terms of response probabilities and allows an assessment of the distributional impacts of treatment. We use this estimator to analyse fear of racial harassment among Muslims living in a non-Muslim majority country following extremist Islamic terror attacks. Our findings reveal a shift in feeling ‘not at all worried’ to ‘fairly worried’ about racial harassment after terror attacks, with little change in feeling ‘not very worried’ or ‘very worried’.
Metadata
Item Type: | Article |
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Authors/Creators: |
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Copyright, Publisher and Additional Information: | © 2025 The Author(s). Fiscal Studies published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Institute for Fiscal Studies. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/), which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made. |
Keywords: | Difference-in-differences; ordinal data; racial harassment; terrorism |
Dates: |
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Institution: | The University of Sheffield |
Academic Units: | The University of Sheffield > Faculty of Social Sciences (Sheffield) > Department of Economics (Sheffield) |
Date Deposited: | 29 Sep 2025 13:53 |
Last Modified: | 29 Sep 2025 13:53 |
Status: | Published online |
Publisher: | Wiley |
Refereed: | Yes |
Identification Number: | 10.1111/1475-5890.70006 |
Open Archives Initiative ID (OAI ID): | oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:232318 |