Reappraising the Gandhāra still: implications for understanding early distillation technology through experimentation and experimental reconstruction

The use of experimentation within studies of early distillation technology has largely taken a methodological approach which aims to demonstrate how suggested technical evolutions and apparatus configurations operate. This paper examines the viability of the ‘Gandhāra still’ reconstruction for distillation within a unified campaign of comparative and exploratory experimentation, acting as a framework for critical evaluation. First generated from interpretations on the function of predominately 2nd c. BCE– 4th c. CE ceramic vessels found across South-Central Asia, the Gandhāra still has been a central component in the conceptualisation of an “ancient Indian distillation hypothesis” that has received considerable attention in the historiography of science. This uptake in interest has led to researchers from a variety of disciplinary backgrounds to reinforce the still’s existence and distilling capacity, including through the use of experimentation. In response, this paper details a new campaign of experimental trials which identified functional reasons as to why the apparatus does not operate. Crucially, trials demonstrated how the interpreted set of apparatus components together cannot sufficiently condense produced distilling vapour due to their morphology. In tandem, the campaign revealed practical issues associated with internal reflux actions and pressurisation in the still that had not been identified previously. Further analysing such a pervasive dialogue on technical innovation invites wider re-evaluations of distillation technology chartings and introduces a nuanced suite of considerations in discussing the inception of early distillation.