Paediatric cranial ultrasound: assessment of the preterm brain

Cranial ultrasound is an invaluable tool in assessing neonatal brain anatomy and pathology. It is accessible, relatively quick, inexpensive, safe, portable and generally well-tolerated. This pictorial review focuses on the use of cranial ultrasound in evaluating the premature brain. We illustrate the different grades of intraventricular haemorrhage, the most common sequela of prematurity, its evolution and potential complications, as well as periventricular leukomalacia. Anatomical variants and benign findings that mimic preterm brain injury are also discussed.