Bradford, H.F., Lalaurie, C.J., Gor, J. et al. (10 more authors) (2025) Plasmin cleavage of β2-glycoprotein I alters its structure and ability to bind to pathogenic antibodies. Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis, 23 (6). pp. 1864-1878. ISSN 1538-7933
Abstract
Background
β2-Glycoprotein I (β2GPI) is the main autoantigenic target of antiphospholipid syndrome, with antibodies leading to clinical manifestations. There are 2 known structural isomers of β2GPI: a J shape and a circular shape. The transition between these structures is incompletely understood, with the functional implications unknown. β2GPI is a substrate of the protease plasmin, which cleaves within the fifth domain of β2GPI, leading to altered cellular binding. Very little is currently known regarding the structure and function of this protein variant. We present the first comprehensive structural characterization of plasmin-clipped β2GPI and the associated implications for pathogenic antibody binding to this protein.
Aim
To determine if cleavage of B2GPI by plasmin triggers structural change, and what this change may mean for antibody reactivity.
Methods
β2GPI was purified using an adapted acid-free process from healthy control plasma and cleaved with plasmin. Cleavage was confirmed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Structural characterization was undertaken using dynamic light scattering, small-angle X-ray scattering, ion mobility mass spectrometry, and molecular dynamics simulation. Activity was tested using inhibition of β2GPI enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays with patient samples and cleaved β2GPI in the fluid phase and cellular binding by flow cytometry using human umbilical vein endothelial cells.
Results
Dynamic light scattering revealed a significantly smaller hydrodynamic radius for plasmin-clipped β2GPI (P = .0043). Small-angle X-ray scattering and molecular dynamics analysis indicated a novel S-like structure of β2GPI only present in the plasmin-clipped sample, while ion mobility mass spectrometry showed different structure distributions in plasmin-clipped compared with nonclipped β2GPI. The increased binding of autoantibodies was shown for plasmin-clipped β2GPI (P = .056), implying a greater exposure of pathogenic epitopes following cleavage.
Conclusion
Cleavage of β2GPI by plasmin results in the production of a unique S-shaped structural conformation and higher patient antibody binding. This novel structure may increase the production of antibodies and explain the loss of binding to phospholipids described previously for plasmin-clipped β2GPI.
Metadata
Item Type: | Article |
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Authors/Creators: |
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Copyright, Publisher and Additional Information: | © 2025 The Author(s). This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC-BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. |
Keywords: | autoantigens; β2-glycoprotein I; cleavage; plasmin; structural change |
Dates: |
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Institution: | The University of Leeds |
Academic Units: | The University of Leeds > Faculty of Engineering & Physical Sciences (Leeds) > School of Chemistry (Leeds) |
Depositing User: | Symplectic Publications |
Date Deposited: | 03 Jun 2025 10:09 |
Last Modified: | 03 Jun 2025 10:09 |
Status: | Published |
Publisher: | Elsevier |
Identification Number: | 10.1016/j.jtha.2025.02.015 |
Related URLs: | |
Open Archives Initiative ID (OAI ID): | oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:227314 |