A decision support tool for the selection of biophysical methodologies to assess urban Nature-based Solutions using regulating ecosystem services.

Nature-based Solutions (NbS) are cost-effective interventions that restore natural cycles while delivering environmental, social, and economic benefits. However, selecting appropriate biophysical evaluation methods remains a challenge, particularly in data-scarce urban contexts. Existing methodologies often lack guidance on method selection based on local data, resources, and technical constraints. To address this gap, this study develops a Decision Support Tool (DST) for selecting biophysical evaluation methods for urban NbS at neighborhood, block, or district scales. The DST is based on a systematic literature review (SLR) of 256 studies, which identified the most widely used methodology-empirical equations, computational tools, and monitoring systems—along with key constraints such as budget, timeline, data availability, and technical expertise. Using this analysis, decision rules were established to guide method selection under different resource conditions. DST comprises three components: (i) a feasibility analysis for NbS selection, (ii) a decision-making framework for biophysical evaluation method selection, and (iii) an ecosystem services index for scenario comparison. The methodology was tested in Bogotá, Colombia, within the "El Reencuentro" urban renewal project. Results highlight the importance of urban forests in delivering ecosystem services and demonstrate the suitability of simpler methods in resource-constrained settings. By adapting biophysical evaluation approaches to local conditions, this study provides a practical framework to support NbS implementation in urban planning.