Obi, C. E., Arize, I., Nwokolo, C. et al. (3 more authors) (2025) Referral experiences of healthcare consumers: results from a cross-sectional study in urban slums in southeast Nigeria. Frontiers in Public Health, 13. 1561158. ISSN: 2296-2565
Abstract
Introduction: The inadequate referral system in Nigeria is partly due to the proliferation of informal healthcare providers (IHPs) and constraints within formal providers in urban slums. With limited data on patient referral experiences across these providers, this paper explores referral experiences in urban slums in southeast Nigeria.
Methods: This study involved 1,025 people in eight slums in Enugu and Anambra states, using multi-stage purposive sampling. Data on referral experiences were collected through a pre-tested questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive statistics and logistic regression. Ethical approval was obtained, and informed consent was secured.
Results: It found that only 7.4% of patients received referrals from their primary healthcare sources, mostly from patent medicine vendors, private clinics, and primary healthcare (PHC) centres to private clinics and laboratories. Verbal referrals were the dominant modality, although the types of referrals varied significantly between facilities that initiated referrals and between states.
Conclusion: This paper highlights the need for innovative solutions to integrate informal healthcare providers into the formal system, improving referrals and enhancing health services in urban slums.
Metadata
Item Type: | Article |
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Authors/Creators: |
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Copyright, Publisher and Additional Information: | © 2025 Obi, Arize, Nwokolo, Okechi, Ebenso and Onwujekwe. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC-BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. |
Keywords: | healthcare system, healthcare consumers, healthcare providers, referral, urban slums, informal health providers |
Dates: |
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Institution: | The University of Leeds |
Academic Units: | The University of Leeds > Faculty of Medicine and Health (Leeds) > School of Medicine (Leeds) |
Funding Information: | Funder Grant number Department for International Development Not Known |
Depositing User: | Symplectic Publications |
Date Deposited: | 12 May 2025 14:13 |
Last Modified: | 12 Aug 2025 09:07 |
Status: | Published online |
Publisher: | Frontiers Media |
Identification Number: | 10.3389/fpubh.2025.1561158 |
Open Archives Initiative ID (OAI ID): | oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:226509 |