Patel, B., Patrick, A. and Dyer, T.A. (2025) The ethics of community water fluoridation: part 1 - an overview of public health ethics. British Dental Journal, 238 (5). pp. 311-315. ISSN 0007-0610
Abstract
Aim
To provide an overview of public health ethics, how it differs from medical ethics, and why this is important when considering the justification of public health interventions, such as community water fluoridation.
Method
Narrative review of the literature.
Results
Like medical ethics, public health ethics is underpinned by moral-based theories: consequentialism and non-consequentialism. Utilitarianism is an example of the former and sees moral action as that which produces the overall greatest benefit or wellbeing in society. In contrast, non-consequentialist theories focus on whether an action is right or wrong regardless of consequences. One such approach is principlism, where respect for autonomy, beneficence (benefit), non-maleficence (avoidance of harm), and justice are considered. However, as most public health interventions restrict autonomy to some extent, these require modification to balance this with any collective benefit. Similarly, political theory influences public health ethical thinking: liberalism's focus on autonomy and avoidance of infringement of freedoms challenges many public health interventions. Given these complexities, frameworks exist to help guide ethical deliberation in public health.
Conclusion
Various principles and ethical frameworks have been proposed for public health interventions. They have more utility when considering the ethics of interventions, such as community water fluoridation, than those for medical interventions.
Metadata
Item Type: | Article |
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Authors/Creators: |
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Copyright, Publisher and Additional Information: | © The Author(s) 2025. This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0. |
Keywords: | Fluoridation; Humans; Public Health; Personal Autonomy |
Dates: |
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Institution: | The University of Sheffield |
Academic Units: | The University of Sheffield > Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health (Sheffield) > School of Clinical Dentistry (Sheffield) |
Depositing User: | Symplectic Sheffield |
Date Deposited: | 25 Mar 2025 14:58 |
Last Modified: | 25 Mar 2025 14:58 |
Status: | Published |
Publisher: | Springer Science and Business Media LLC |
Refereed: | Yes |
Identification Number: | 10.1038/s41415-024-8058-4 |
Related URLs: | |
Open Archives Initiative ID (OAI ID): | oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:224785 |