Burton, C. orcid.org/0000-0003-0233-2431, Dawes, H. and Dalton, C. (2025) Within person predictors of physical activity and fatigue in long Covid: Findings from an ecological momentary assessment study. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 192. 112091. ISSN 0022-3999
Abstract
Objective
We aimed to examine the extent to which current perceived demand for energy and affect predict subsequent physical activity and fatigue in people with Long Covid using an intensive longitudinal method (ecological momentary assessment).
Methods
Analysis of data from a study of 69 adults with self-reported Long Covid combining 3-hourly self-report data perceived energy, and fatigue, on a smartphone app with continuous physical activity recording. We tested three hypotheses derived from cognitive behavioural and neuroscientific models of fatigue. These related to expectation, current affect and recalled emotional demand. Analysis used linear mixed effects models with fatigue and physical activity as outcomes.
Results
Expectation of energy need for the next 3 h was predictive of physical activity, fatigue and recalled demandingness of the period. (p-values 0.005 to <0.0001). Currently feeling positive was predictive of slightly more subsequent physical activity and less fatigue 3 h later (p = 0.01). Feeling negative was not predictive of physical activity or subsequent fatigue but was predictive of subsequent recall of the period being emotionally demanding. Feeling more anxious was predictive of greater fatigue 3 h later (p = 0.001) but not of reduced physical activity. Absolute effects were small: a one-point increase in anticipated demand (on a scale of 1–7) was associated with an extra 2.2 min of moderate or vigorous physical activity and a one standard deviation increase in anxiety was associated with a one-point increase in fatigue (0–100 scale).
Conclusion
In the day-to-day experience of Long Covid expectation and affect have little detectable effect on subsequent physical activity or fatigue.
Metadata
Item Type: | Article |
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Authors/Creators: |
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Copyright, Publisher and Additional Information: | © 2025 The Authors. Except as otherwise noted, this author-accepted version of a journal article published in Journal of Psychosomatic Research is made available via the University of Sheffield Research Publications and Copyright Policy under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC-BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ |
Keywords: | Long covid; post covid-19 condition; fatigue; physical activity; ecological momentary assessment; anxiety |
Dates: |
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Institution: | The University of Sheffield |
Academic Units: | The University of Sheffield > Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health (Sheffield) > School of Medicine and Population Health |
Depositing User: | Symplectic Sheffield |
Date Deposited: | 18 Mar 2025 09:40 |
Last Modified: | 18 Mar 2025 09:40 |
Status: | Published |
Publisher: | Elsevier BV |
Refereed: | Yes |
Identification Number: | 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2025.112091 |
Open Archives Initiative ID (OAI ID): | oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:224552 |