Clark, S.D. orcid.org/0000-0003-4090-6002 and Newing, A. orcid.org/0000-0002-3222-6640 (2025) Assessing spatial accessibility of community pharmacies in England and Wales using floating catchment area techniques. Journal of Pharmaceutical Policy and Practice, 18 (1). 2466203. ISSN 2052-3211
Abstract
Background
Community pharmacies in England and Wales are taking on a broader range of primary care responsibilities in order to ease pressure on other health services. ‘Pharmacy First’, launched in 2024, allows patients to access treatment for a range of common conditions directly from a pharmacy without the need to consult a GP. However, funding and workforce pressures have resulted in a number of pharmacy closures in recent years. This study assesses the geographical accessibility of community pharmacies in England and Wales and identifies the impact of these recent closures.
Methods
Using open data on pharmacy locations and opening hours this study calculates a Spatial Accessibility Index (SPAI) for access to pharmacies by car in 2022 and 2024. We use a Modified Huff Variable Three Step Floating Catchment Area (MHV3SFCA), a variant of the Floating Catchment Area (FCA) technique.
Results
Suburban and rural neighbourhoods tend to have poorer access to community pharmacies, whilst more deprived neighbourhoods generally have comparatively better access. We identify neighbourhoods which could be classed as ‘pharmacy deserts’, which are primarily located in rural areas. We identify that all neighbourhood area types witness a reduction in overall accessibility to community pharmacies between 2022 and 2024. In total these result in a 10% reduction in the SPAI.
Conclusion
The MHV3SFCA applied here is novel in its application to community pharmacy accessibility in a UK context. We demonstrate its utility as a tool to identify the impact of changes to the community pharmacy network on accessibility as experienced by different neighbourhoods. We find evidence of a ‘positive pharmacy care law’ and also the existence of some ‘pharmacy deserts’.
Metadata
Item Type: | Article |
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Authors/Creators: |
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Copyright, Publisher and Additional Information: | © 2025 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The terms on which this article has been published allow the posting of the Accepted Manuscript in a repository by the author(s) or with their consent. |
Keywords: | Pharmacies; accessibility; floating catchments; England and Wales |
Dates: |
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Institution: | The University of Leeds |
Academic Units: | The University of Leeds > Faculty of Environment (Leeds) > School of Geography (Leeds) |
Funding Information: | Funder Grant number ESRC (Economic and Social Research Council) ES/L011891/1 ESRC (Economic and Social Research Council) ES/Z504336/1 |
Depositing User: | Symplectic Publications |
Date Deposited: | 03 Mar 2025 10:36 |
Last Modified: | 03 Mar 2025 10:36 |
Status: | Published |
Publisher: | Taylor & Francis |
Identification Number: | 10.1080/20523211.2025.2466203 |
Open Archives Initiative ID (OAI ID): | oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:223807 |