Beard, M.W.J., Hardy, I.M.M., Horne, K. et al. (11 more authors) (2025) Testing disc reprocessing models for AGN optical variability by comparison of X-ray and optical power spectra of NGC 4395. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 537 (1). pp. 293-305. ISSN 0035-8711
Abstract
It is generally thought that active galactic nucleus (AGN) optical variability is produced, at least in part, by reprocessing of central X-rays by a surrounding accretion disc, resulting in wavelength-dependent lags between bands. Any good model of AGN optical variability should explain not only these lags, but also the overall pattern of variability as quantified by the power spectral density (PSD). Here, we present ∼daily g -band monitoring of the low-mass AGN NGC 4395 over 3 yr. Together with previous Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite ( TESS ) and Gran Telescopio Canarias (GTC)/HiPERCAM observations, we produce an optical PSD covering an unprecedented frequency range of ∼seven decades allowing excellent determination of PSD parameters. The PSD is well fitted by a bending power law with low-frequency slope αL = 1 . 0 ± 0 . 2, high-frequency slope 2 . 1 + 0 . 2 bend time-scale 3 . 0 + 6 . 6 −0 . 4 , and −1 . 7 d. This time-scale is close to that derived previously from a damped random walk (DRW) model fitted to just the TESS observations, although αL is too steep to be consistent with a DRW. We compare the observed PSD with one made from light curves synthesized assuming reprocessing of X-rays, as observed by XMM–Newton and Swift , in a disc defined by the observed lags. The simulated PSD is also well described by a bending power law but with a bend two decades higher in frequency. We conclude that the large-amplitude optical variations seen on long time-scales are not due to disc reprocessing but require a second source of variability whose origin is unknown but could be propagating disc accretion rate variations.
Metadata
Item Type: | Article |
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Authors/Creators: |
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Copyright, Publisher and Additional Information: | © 2025 The Author(s). This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/ licenses/ by/ 4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. |
Keywords: | galaxies: active; galaxies: individual: NGC 4395; X-rays: galaxies |
Dates: |
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Institution: | The University of Sheffield |
Academic Units: | The University of Sheffield > Faculty of Science (Sheffield) > School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences |
Funding Information: | Funder Grant number SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY FACILITIES COUNCIL ST/S006567/1 SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY FACILITIES COUNCIL ST/Z000033/1 SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY FACILITIES COUNCIL ST/V005324/1 |
Depositing User: | Symplectic Sheffield |
Date Deposited: | 23 Jan 2025 09:02 |
Last Modified: | 14 Mar 2025 14:55 |
Status: | Published |
Publisher: | Oxford University Press (OUP) |
Refereed: | Yes |
Identification Number: | 10.1093/mnras/staf014 |
Related URLs: | |
Open Archives Initiative ID (OAI ID): | oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:221949 |