Hasan, M.Z. orcid.org/0000-0002-3824-8947, Mehdi, G.G., Tisha, K.I. et al. (5 more authors) (2025) Costs of outpatient services at selected primary healthcare centers in Bangladesh: A cross-sectional study. PLOS ONE, 20 (1). e0317317.
Abstract
Background
Upazila Health Complexes (UzHC) serve as the backbone of primary healthcare (PHC) at the sub-district level in Bangladesh, delivering comprehensive healthcare services including both inpatient and outpatient services to the grassroots levels. However, not all the prescribed medicines and diagnostics services are always available at these facilities for outpatient care. This results in out-of-pocket expenditure (OOPE) to the patients for getting prescribed medicines and diagnostics services which has not been properly explored. Thus, we aimed to estimate the overall provider and user costs for outpatient care services at selected UzHCs in Bangladesh.
Methods
An ingredient-based costing approach was applied to estimate the costs for the most commonly reported illnesses at outpatient of UzHCs from a societal perspective. We conducted a health facility survey at four purposively selected UzHCs to estimate provider costs and a patient exit survey among 452 patients of selected illnesses to estimate the user costs. Commonly reported illnesses were identified in consultation with healthcare providers of these facilities. The difference between costs of prescribed and provided medicines at UzHCs was estimated using the market prices. Data was collected between February to March 2021.
Results
The societal costs of the common outpatient illness or symptoms varied significantly, ranging from BDT 642 to BDT 1,384 per episode. Antenatal care had the highest cost burden at BDT 1,384, followed by respiratory illness at BDT 783 and urinary tract infection at BDT 670. On average, the provider spent BDT 289 for treating an outpatient, while a patient incurred BDT 446 as OOPE. Further, a patient was expected to spend an average of BDT 341 for purchasing medicines not provided from UzHCs.
Conclusion
Our study found significant gaps between prescribed and provided medicines at UzHCs, leading to higher OOPE for patients. The current healthcare resource allocation strategy does not consider the outpatient load and healthcare demand at PHC facilities, which further exacerbates this gap. Addressing this gap requires a fundamental shift towards a demand-driven resource allocation model within the healthcare financing strategy to improve healthcare access and achieve health for all.
Metadata
Item Type: | Article |
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Authors/Creators: |
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Editors: |
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Copyright, Publisher and Additional Information: | © 2025 Hasan et al. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC-BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. |
Dates: |
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Institution: | The University of Leeds |
Academic Units: | The University of Leeds > Faculty of Medicine and Health (Leeds) > School of Medicine (Leeds) |
Depositing User: | Symplectic Publications |
Date Deposited: | 15 Jan 2025 13:01 |
Last Modified: | 15 Jan 2025 13:01 |
Status: | Published |
Publisher: | Public Library of Science |
Identification Number: | 10.1371/journal.pone.0317317 |
Open Archives Initiative ID (OAI ID): | oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:221837 |