Cho, J.-Y., Kwon, S.-H. orcid.org/0000-0002-1058-8392, Lee, J.-S. et al. (4 more authors) (2024) Factors associated with COVID-19 vaccination rates in countries with different income levels: a panel analysis. BMC Public Health, 24 (1). 3538. ISSN 1472-698X
Abstract
Introduction
Vaccines against coronavirus disease (COVID-19) are being developed and supplied at an unprecedented rate. However, disparities in income levels among countries has influenced the supply and vaccination rate. This imbalance poses a potential risk factor, especially if vaccine-resistant variants emerge and the pandemic persists. To effectively combat a global pandemic such as COVID-19, understanding the key factors that influence vaccination rates worldwide is essential. This study utilizes cross-country panel regression to examine the factors associated with vaccination rates in countries at different income levels.
Methods
We analyzed weekly vaccination rates in relation to several COVID-related variables, including government suppression policies, vaccination coverage, and search trends from Google Trends. The data consistently spanned from March 2021 to February 2022. Random-effects panel regression models were employed to identify factors linked to weekly vaccination rates by income level. Independent variables included disease status, country characteristics, policy variables, and search trends.
Results
Significant disparities in weekly vaccination rates were observed between income-level groups. High-income countries experienced considerable fluctuations during outbreaks, whereas, low- and lower-middle-income countries demonstrated steady increase over time. The random-effects model, stratified by income level, showed that the vaccination coverage and search trend for “COVID-19 vaccine” were commonly associated with higher vaccination rates across all income groups. However, other factors varied based on income level, and gross domestic product per capita was not significant in the regression based on income level.
Conclusion
Vaccination rate and their associated factors differed across income levels. There is no universal strategy for boosting vaccination rates during a pandemic. Consequently, country specific approaches, including promotional programs to raise awareness and interest in vaccination, are essential for preparing for future pandemics.
Metadata
Item Type: | Article |
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Authors/Creators: |
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Copyright, Publisher and Additional Information: | © The Author(s) 2024. Open Access: This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/. |
Keywords: | COVID-19; Communicable disease control; Public health; Humans; COVID-19; COVID-19 Vaccines; Income; Vaccination Coverage; Vaccination; Developing Countries; Global Health; SARS-CoV-2 |
Dates: |
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Institution: | The University of Sheffield |
Academic Units: | The University of Sheffield > Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health (Sheffield) > School of Medicine and Population Health |
Depositing User: | Symplectic Sheffield |
Date Deposited: | 09 Jan 2025 14:42 |
Last Modified: | 09 Jan 2025 14:42 |
Status: | Published |
Publisher: | Springer Science and Business Media LLC |
Refereed: | Yes |
Identification Number: | 10.1186/s12889-024-20973-0 |
Related URLs: | |
Sustainable Development Goals: | |
Open Archives Initiative ID (OAI ID): | oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:221262 |