The efficacy and safety of a fixed-dose combination of apocynin and paeonol, APPA, in symptomatic knee OA: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial

Objective

Apocynin (AP) and paeonol (PA) are low molecular weight phenolic compounds with a broad array of anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory effects. This study assessed of a fixed-dose combination of APPA in people with symptomatic knee osteoarthritis (OA).

Methods

A multi-center, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind phase 2a trial enrolled participants with radiographic knee OA (Kellgren-Lawrence, KL, grades 2–3) and pain ≥40/100 on WOMAC pain subscale, and evaluated the efficacy and safety of oral APPA over a 28-day period. APPA 800 mg or matching placebo was administered twice daily in a 1:1 ratio. Post-hoc analyses explored the response to APPA in sub-groups with more severe pain and structural severity.

Results

The two groups were comparable at baseline; 152 subjects were enrolled and 148 completed the trial. There was no statistically significant difference between groups with respect to the primary outcome, WOMAC pain (mean difference between groups was −0.89, 95% CI: −5.62, 3.84, p = 0.71), nor WOMAC function or WOMAC total. However, predefined subgroup analyses of subjects with symptoms compatible with nociplastic/neuropathic pain features showed a statistically significant effect of APPA compared to placebo. Adverse events (mainly gastrointestinal) were mild to moderate.

Conclusion

Treatment with APPA 800 mg twice daily for 28 days in subjects with symptomatic knee OA was not associated with significant symptom improvement compared to placebo. The treatment was well-tolerated and safe. While the study was not powered for such analysis, pre-planned subgroup analyses showed a significant effect of APPA in subjects with nociplastic pain/severe OA, indicating that further research in the effects of APPA in appropriate patients is warranted.