Offline tagging of radon-induced backgrounds in XENON1T and applicability to other liquid xenon time projection chambers

Abstract

This paper details the first application of a software tagging algorithm to reduce radon-induced backgrounds in liquid noble element time projection chambers, such as XENON1T and XENONnT. The convection velocity field in XENON1T was mapped out using 222 Rn and 218 Po events, and the rms convection speed was measured to be 0.30±0.01 cm/s. Given this velocity field, 214 Pb background events can be tagged when they are followed by 214 Bi and 214 Po decays, or preceded by 218 Po decays. This was achieved by evolving a point cloud in the direction of a measured convection velocity field, and searching for 214 Bi and 214 Po decays or 218 Po decays within a volume defined by the point cloud. In XENON1T, this tagging system achieved a 214 Pb background reduction of 6.2+0.4 −0.9% with an exposure loss of 1.8±0.2%, despite the timescales of convection being smaller than the relevant decay times. We show that the performance can be improved in XENONnT, and that the performance of such a software-tagging approach can be expected to be further improved in a diffusion-limited scenario. Finally, a similar method might be useful to tag the cosmogenic 137 Xe background, which is relevant to the search for neutrinoless double-beta decay.

Metadata

Item Type:	Article
Authors/Creators:	Aprile, E. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6595-7098 Aalbers, J. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0030-0030 Abe, K. https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9620-788X Ahmed Maouloud, S. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0844-4576 Althueser, L. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5468-4298 Andrieu, B. https://orcid.org/0009-0002-6485-4163 Angelino, E. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6695-4355 Angevaare, J.R. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3392-8123 Antón Martin, D. Arneodo, F. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1061-0510 Baudis, L. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4710-1768 Baxter, A.L. Bazyk, M. https://orcid.org/0009-0000-7986-153X Bellagamba, L. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7098-9393 Biondi, R. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6622-8740 Bismark, A. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0574-4303 Brookes, E.J. Brown, A. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1623-8086 Bruno, G. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9005-2821 Budnik, R. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1963-9408 Bui, T.K. Cardoso, J.M.R. Cimental Chavez, A.P. Colijn, A.P. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3118-5197 Conrad, J. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9984-4411 Cuenca-García, J.J. D’Andrea, V. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2037-4133 Daniel Garcia, L.C. Decowski, M.P. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1577-6229 Di Donato, C. https://orcid.org/0009-0005-9268-6402 Di Gangi, P. Diglio, S. Eitel, K. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5900-0599 Elykov, A. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2693-232X Ferella, A.D. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6006-9160 Ferrari, C. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0838-2328 Fischer, H. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9342-7665 Flehmke, T. https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7944-2671 Flierman, M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3785-7871 Fulgione, W. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2388-3809 Fuselli, C. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7517-8618 Gaemers, P. Gaior, R. https://orcid.org/0009-0005-2488-5856 Galloway, M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8323-9564 Gao, F. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1376-677X Ghosh, S. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7785-9102 Glade-Beucke, R. https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5455-2232 Grandi, L. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0771-7568 Grigat, J. https://orcid.org/0009-0005-4775-0196 Guan, H. Guida, M. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5126-0337 Hammann, R. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6149-9413 Higuera, A. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9310-2994 Hils, C. Hoetzsch, L. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2572-477X Hood, N.F. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2507-7656 Iacovacci, M. Itow, Y. Jakob, J. Joerg, F. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1719-3294 Joy, A. Kaminaga, Y. https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5424-2867 Kara, M. https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5080-9446 Kavrigin, P. https://orcid.org/0009-0000-1339-2419 Kazama, S. Kobayashi, M. Kopec, A. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6548-0963 Kuger, F. Landsman, H. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7570-5238 Lang, R.F. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7594-2746 Levinson, L. Li, I. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6655-3685 Li, S. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0379-1111 Liang, S. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0116-654X Lin, Y.T. Lindemann, S. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4501-7231 Lindner, M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3704-6016 Liu, K. Loizeau, J. Lombardi, F. Long, J. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5617-7337 Lopes, J.A.M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6366-2963 Luce, T. https://orcid.org/0009-0000-0423-1525 Ma, Y. Macolino, C. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2517-6574 Mahlstedt, J. Mancuso, A. Manenti, L. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7590-0175 Marignetti, F. Marrodán Undagoitia, T. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9332-6074 Martens, K. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5049-3339 Masbou, J. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8089-8639 Masson, E. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5628-8926 Mastroianni, S. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9467-0851 Melchiorre, A. https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0615-0204 Messina, M. Michael, A. Miuchi, K. Molinario, A. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5379-7290 Moriyama, S. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7630-2839 Morå, K. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2011-1889 Mosbacher, Y. Murra, M. https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2608-4472 Müller, J. Ni, K. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2566-0091 Oberlack, U. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8160-5498 Paetsch, B. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5025-3976 Palacio, J. Pan, Y. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0812-9007 Pellegrini, Q. https://orcid.org/0009-0002-8692-6367 Peres, R. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5243-2268 Peters, C. Pienaar, J. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5830-5454 Pierre, M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9714-4929 Plante, G. Pollmann, T.R. Principe, L. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8752-7694 Qi, J. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0078-0417 Qin, J. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8228-8949 Ramírez García, D. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5896-2697 Rajado, M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7663-2915 Shi, J. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2445-6681 Singh, R. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9564-7795 Sanchez, L. dos Santos, J.M.F. Sarnoff, I. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4914-4991 Sartorelli, G. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1910-5948 Schreiner, J. Schulte, D. Schulte, P. Schulze Eißing, H. https://orcid.org/0009-0005-9760-4234 Schumann, M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5036-1256 Scotto Lavina, L. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3483-8800 Selvi, M. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0243-0840 Semeria, F. Shagin, P. Shi, S. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2445-6681 Silva, M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1554-9579 Simgen, H. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3074-0395 Takeda, A. Tan, P.-L. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5743-2520 Terliuk, A. Thers, D. Toschi, F. Trinchero, G. Tunnell, C. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8158-7795 Tönnies, F. Valerius, K. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7964-974X Vecchi, S. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4311-3166 Vetter, S. https://orcid.org/0009-0001-2961-5274 Volta, G. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7351-1459 Weinheimer, C. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4083-9068 Weiss, M. Wenz, D. Wittweg, C. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8494-740X Wolf, T. Wu, V.H.S. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8111-1532 Xing, Y. Xu, D. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7361-9195 Xu, Z. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6720-3094 Yamashita, M. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9811-1929 Yang, L. Ye, J. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6127-2582 Yuan, L. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0024-8017 Zavattini, G. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6089-7185 Zhong, M. Zhu, T.
Copyright, Publisher and Additional Information:	© 2024 The Authors. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Keywords:	Cosmic ray & astroparticle detectors; Dark matter detectors; Particle data analysis
Dates:	Published: 15 July 2024 Published (online): 15 July 2024 Accepted: 4 June 2024
Institution:	The University of Sheffield
Academic Units:	The University of Sheffield > Faculty of Science (Sheffield) > School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences
Depositing User:	Symplectic Sheffield
Date Deposited:	15 Oct 2024 13:45
Last Modified:	15 Oct 2024 13:45
Published Version:	http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.110.012011
Status:	Published
Publisher:	American Physical Society (APS)
Refereed:	Yes
Identification Number:	10.1103/physrevd.110.012011
Open Archives Initiative ID (OAI ID):	oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:218454

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Offline tagging of radon-induced backgrounds in XENON1T and applicability to other liquid xenon time projection chambers

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