Old Fossils, New Information:Insights into Site Formation Processes of Two Pleistocene Cave Sequences in Zambia from Enamel Amino Acid Geochronology

Intra-crystalline protein degradation (IcPD) analysis was undertaken on 80 fossil tooth enamel samples from four taxonomic groups (rhinocerotid, suid, equid, bovid) excavated from two archaeological cave sites in Zambia (Twin Rivers and Mumbwa Caves). Seventy-two (90%) of these fossils showed evidence of closed-system behaviour. The fossils’ relative extent of protein degradation between the sites was consistent with their known ages, with samples from Twin Rivers (Mid-Pleistocene) showing higher levels of degradation than Mumbwa Caves (late Mid-Pleistocene to late Holocene). At Twin Rivers, a potential trend between IcPD and excavation depth was observed, concordant with the working hypothesis of periodic deposition of sediments as slurry flows into a phreatic passage. However, greater depositional and taphonomic complexity was indicated by relatively wide ranges of IcPD values within individual excavation levels. These results are interpreted partly as the consequence of the excavation methods used, alongside reworking within the deposits, which had not previously been recognised. Whilst lack of stratigraphic control limited the investigation of taxonomic effect, one notable difference in the protein breakdown pattern of peptide chain hydrolysis was observed between rhinocerotid in comparison to the other studied taxa. We therefore recommend taxon-specific enamel amino acid geochronologies (AAGs) are developed in future. Whilst lack of comparator datasets meant it was not possible to create a calibrated, enamel AAG for the South-Central African region from these sites, Twin Rivers provides a case study illustrating the complexity of cave formation processes and the importance of direct dating for interpreting archaeological and palaeontological sequences.