Liu, M. orcid.org/0000-0002-2663-4787, Zhang, X. orcid.org/0000-0002-6063-959X, Zhu, H. orcid.org/0009-0004-3487-7182 et al. (2 more authors) (2024) Physics-aware watermarking embedded in unknown input observers for false data injection attack detection in cyber-physical microgrids. IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security, 19. pp. 7824-7840. ISSN 1556-6013
Abstract
The physics-aware watermarking-based detection method has shown great potential in detecting stealthy False Data Injection Attacks (FDIAs) by adding appropriate watermarks to control commands or sensor measurements, especially in industrial control systems and grid-tied Distributed Energy Resources (DERs). However, existing watermarking-based detection methods have limitations in either handling the intricate physical couplings among DERs or characterising the fast changing power electronics dynamics, and thus cannot be directly applied to microgrids. Inspired by the methodology of Unknown Input Observer (UIO), which can be employed for the distributed anomaly monitoring in cyber-physical microgrids but would be easily bypassed once the adversary has the knowledge of certain electrical parameters, this paper makes the first attempt to investigate the physics-aware watermarking embedded in UIOs such that the stealthy FDIAs would be intentionally disrupted by the watermarking scheme. Based on the theoretical analysis of the detection enhancement and performance degradation under watermarking-enhanced UIOs, the watermark strengths, UIO parameters, and control gains are optimally co-designed to significantly enhance the detection effectiveness while not degrading the control performance. The robustness of the watermarking-enhanced UIO to Time Synchronisation Errors (TSEs) is improved by employing a sliding time window with appropriate length. The performance of the proposed method is validated through Matlab/Simulink studies and cyber-physical co-simulation experiments, and the sensitivities of the detection latency and TSE robustness to watermark strength and detection window’s length are comprehensively studied.
Metadata
Item Type: | Article |
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Authors/Creators: | |
Copyright, Publisher and Additional Information: | © 2024 The authors. Except as otherwise noted, this author-accepted version of a journal article published in IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security is made available via the University of Sheffield Research Publications and Copyright Policy under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC-BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ |
Keywords: | Watermarking; Microgrids; Real-time systems; Monitoring; Robustness; Perturbation methods; Degradation |
Dates: |
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Institution: | The University of Sheffield |
Academic Units: | The University of Sheffield > Faculty of Engineering (Sheffield) > Department of Automatic Control and Systems Engineering (Sheffield) |
Funding Information: | Funder Grant number UK RESEARCH AND INNOVATION MR/W011360/1 MR/W011360/2 UK Research and Innovation MR/W011360/1 |
Depositing User: | Symplectic Sheffield |
Date Deposited: | 23 Aug 2024 08:50 |
Last Modified: | 25 Feb 2025 11:12 |
Status: | Published |
Publisher: | Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) |
Refereed: | Yes |
Identification Number: | 10.1109/tifs.2024.3447235 |
Open Archives Initiative ID (OAI ID): | oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:216412 |