Toth, J. orcid.org/0000-0001-9392-9692, Kurtin, D.L., Brosnan, M. et al. (1 more author) (2024) Opportunities and obstacles in non-invasive brain stimulation. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 18. 1385427. ISSN 1662-5161
Abstract
Non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) is a complex and multifaceted approach to modulating brain activity and holds the potential for broad accessibility. This work discusses the mechanisms of the four distinct approaches to modulating brain activity non-invasively: electrical currents, magnetic fields, light, and ultrasound. We examine the dual stochastic and deterministic nature of brain activity and its implications for NIBS, highlighting the challenges posed by inter-individual variability, nebulous dose-response relationships, potential biases and neuroanatomical heterogeneity. Looking forward, we propose five areas of opportunity for future research: closed-loop stimulation, consistent stimulation of the intended target region, reducing bias, multimodal approaches, and strategies to address low sample sizes.
Metadata
Item Type: | Article |
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Authors/Creators: |
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Copyright, Publisher and Additional Information: | © 2024 Toth, Kurtin, Brosnan and Arvaneh. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. |
Keywords: | brain stimulation; tES; TMS; tPBM; TUS; tDCS; FUS; neurotechnology |
Dates: |
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Institution: | The University of Sheffield |
Academic Units: | The University of Sheffield > Faculty of Engineering (Sheffield) > Department of Automatic Control and Systems Engineering (Sheffield) |
Funding Information: | Funder Grant number Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council 2480375 |
Depositing User: | Symplectic Sheffield |
Date Deposited: | 22 Mar 2024 15:34 |
Last Modified: | 22 Mar 2024 15:34 |
Status: | Published |
Publisher: | Frontiers Media SA |
Refereed: | Yes |
Identification Number: | 10.3389/fnhum.2024.1385427 |
Open Archives Initiative ID (OAI ID): | oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:210768 |